Fundraising Presentation

Raising support Presentation, Gyumri April 15 â€April 16, 2013 I. The Basics of Fundraising a. What is raising support? I. Fund-raising for a reason or venture ii. Incorporates building a possibility pool, requesting cash or in-kind gifts, meeting giver desires, plainly characterizing necessities and assets, expressing gratitude toward the givers (stewardship), occasions, advertising, and checking and assessment iii. Most significant viewpoint: connections, which can set aside effort to create b. Why is financing assorted variety significant? iv. Seat model: If a seat just has one leg, it is unsteady and will fall over.The more legs a seat has, the more steady it becomes. Same for an association, if an association has a sole funder, their prosperity is determinant upon the security of that relationship and kept subsidizing. The more funders an association has, the more steady they are. In the event that one funder pulls their help, the association doesn't crumple. c. Consider your association for which you are gathering pledges (hand out record cards for everybody to compose their answers) v. What is their central goal? vi. What is their vision? vii. For what reason do they exist? viii. What might occur if this association didn’t exist? x. What are you doing here? x. Can everybody from your association, your locale, your recipients, your givers, and so forth obviously characterize the strategic the association and is it essentially the equivalent? xi. Is the monetary help you have gotten previously and are hoping to make sure about later on in accordance with your central goal? xii. Take a gander at yourselves as an open advantage association d. Introduction of the Organization xiii. It is safe to say that you are for the most part progressing in the direction of a similar strategic? xiv. â€Å"Elevator Pitch† 1. Clear and brief depiction of your association, its work, and its worth 2.Thirty seconds to two minutes (one of the most significant c ommunications with your giver) 3. All staff, volunteers, and those related with your association ought to have a pitch 4. Give Peace Corps model 5. Schoolwork for second day xv. Necessities of the NGO 6. Needs incorporate cash, assets, materials, trainings, and so on 7. Would you be able to mention to me today what your particular needs are and what amount those requirements would cost? (Monetary/Resources Needs Assessment) xvi. Advertising 8. Site, Newsletters, Email Updates, Facebook page 9.All of your online networking and pamphlets ought to be predictable with one another, refreshed simultaneously with tantamount data 10. We’ll go into more insights regarding Public relations in a matter of seconds e. Contributor Expectations xvii. If you somehow managed to offer cash to an association, what might you need consequently? 11. Lift Pitch 12. Plainly characterized strategic vision 13. Reasons why they ought to put resources into your NGO/venture 14. Undertakings, thoughts, an d plans for which you need money related help 15. Outline of fruitful ventures you have done in the past 16.Reports 17. Great notoriety in the network and with recipients 18. Correspondence, Honesty, Transparency 19. Duty and cohesiveness of the staff 20. What precisely you will do with their cash f. Contributor Relations and Stewardship xviii. Updates to benefactor xix. How are you expressing gratitude toward them? xx. How are you perceiving their gift? xxi. Will they give once more? xxii. Will go into more insights regarding this in a matter of seconds II. Distinguishing and Working with Donors g. Benefactor Prospect Pool xxiii. Who should provide for this association? conceptualize a rundown) 21. Parishioners of the congregation 22. World Vision, Caritas, different NGO’s in the network with assets to give 23. Loved ones 24. Nearby people group individuals (for what reason is what you’re doing imperative to them? , Who will feel moved by the work you are doing? ) 25. Diaspora 26. Organizations †VivaCell, Orange Foundation, Coca Cola 27. Real factors of raising support in Armenia a. Awards dominant part are global b. Corporate Giving/Corporate Social Responsibility-new idea here in Armenia c.Government financing In 2011, the state furnished NGO’s with $8 million, for the most part to sports alliances and state-supported or state-worked associations on a noncompetitive premise d. Singular gifts e. Network Support f. Diaspora g. Subsidizing Diversity h. Activities being contributor driven not crucial I. Overhead costs xxiv. Who do you know? xxv. Connections are the way to building your possibility pool xxvi. Welcome likely possibilities to visit your association, fabricate the relationship before you approach them for something h. What causes an individual or association to give? xvii. On the off chance that you meet with an association, how would you anticipate that them should introduce themselves to you? 28. Clear, succinct, legitim ate diagram 29. All around considered, ready to effortlessly recognize the mission, vision, and recipients to be served 30. Outline of fruitful ventures, current undertakings, and tentative arrangements 31. Diagram of explicit needs of the NGO xxviii. Do you have confidence in the crucial vision? 32. A benefactor needs to trust in the strategic vision, or you need to enable them to accept, give them motivations to mind. xxix. How would they need to utilize your cash and what do you need consequently from them? 33.Communication, trustworthiness, straightforward utilized precisely as is commonly said it will be utilized for powerful undertakings xxx. What will make you give once more? 34. correspondence, achievement, recipient fulfillment, revealing, relationship with the association, acknowledgment of the association, name in the network/related with the venture xxxi. What sort of relationship do you anticipate from the NGO? 35. solid authority, trustworthiness, correspondence, need to feel glad for the work they are doing and the notoriety they have in the network, comprehension of vital objectives, I need to see the association has set aside the effort to characterize themselves III.Fundraising Plan I. Ought to be composed on a yearly premise j. Who will compose the arrangement? xxxii. Ought to have a lead who teams up with your Director, key partners, and the board k. Start with your raising money objective (what amount of cash do you need? ) xxxiii. This raising money objective sum ought to be founded on the necessities of the association xxxiv. What amount of cash should be raised/assets made sure about so as to do the exercises which your association needs to do throughout the following year? l. The crucial/(Why do you need the cash? xxxv. What do you intend to do with the cash you raise? xxxvi. Line by line-what are you utilizing your financial plan for? m. The Tactics (How are you going to collect this cash? ) xxxvii. Make sense of how you are going to collect various measures of cash through the span of the following year and where that cash will go. xxxviii. Distinguish various strategies 36. Singular Giving 37. Significant Donor Groups-chatting with bigger organizations 38. Occasions 39. Web based giving 40. Participatory Fundraising 41. Awards 42. Corporate Giving Programs n. The Timeline xxix. Make the course of events to incorporate dates for all occasions and gathering pledges objectives during the time IV. Giver Relations and Stewardship (dealing with the blessing, expressing gratitude toward and keeping the benefactor connected with) o. The thorough exertion of any not-for-profit that looks for charitable help to guarantee that benefactors experience excellent communications with the association that encourage long haul commitment and speculation. This exertion is ordinarily thought to have four components. xl. Blessing acknowledgment and the executives 43. Your associations strategies and systems for blessings. 44.Discus sion about how the blessing will be utilized, ensuring the givers demands and the associations needs are in line. 45. Methodology to follow how the blessing is being utilized. 46. Structures for Giving Opportunities (Example: giver acknowledgment pieces/plaques, named spaces, or giving social orders) xli. Affirmation 47. Saying thanks to the giver j. Customized letters, E-sends, calls, visits-ought to occur inside the principal week wherein the blessing is gotten xlii. Benefactor Recognition 48. How do your givers needed to be perceived for their giving? 49.Mention in the bulletin, declaration at occasions, naming a space, benefactor plaques, official statement, 50. This is the open gathering for expressing gratitude toward a contributor for their blessing however need to request giver authorization to do as such. 51. For Participatory Fundraising-reporting and remunerating the top pledge drives openly 52. Respect Rolls-declaration of contributors to the association printed openly a nd expressing gratitude toward the givers through this discussion. 53. Giver Walls/Donor Plaques-having a space in the middle where contributor names are recorded for general society and your recipients to see 54.Donor Recognition Events, grants, keepsakes, and volunteer open doors these not exclusively are a good time for the givers, yet in addition help to reinforce your relationship with your benefactors and furthermore give them that they are essential to you. Can be huge occasions with the entirety of your benefactors or personal snacks with the Director and additionally a portion of your recipients. xliii. Announcing (additionally alluded to as stewardship) 55. Telling the benefactor the effect they are making on the crucial your association or the particular activities they have given to. Why their giving has had any kind of effect. 56.Two various methods of announcing: subjective (narrating affirming the use of assets) and quantitative (shows the doing of spending reserves a ppropriately) V. Advertising (or PR) p. Everything your association does to get open/press inclusion of what your work q. For what reason is it significant? xliv. Gets the word out and conveys your message xlv. Assembles your crowd xlvi. Assembles your believability and notoriety inside your locale, with your recipients, and your benefactors, in this manner assisting with encouraging more grounded connections xlvii.Shows the outcomes and achievements of your work xlviii. Great opportunity to utilize your lift pitch r. Instances of PR xlix. Pieces of literature 57. Bulletins 58. Official statements (work with your nearby media) 59. Pamphlets 60. Declarations about tasks including contributor/supporters names 61. Can be a two path road with your supporters (contributors and volunteers) l. TV 62. Use for promoting about projects/ventures or forthcoming eve

Good Scholarship Essay Samples

Good Scholarship Essay SamplesThe purpose of this article is to provide you with good scholarship essay samples so that you can easily write a scholarship essay on your own. These samples are a great place to get started and not only will they help you learn how to write your scholarship essay, but they will also prove useful in their own right. By the time you are finished reading these articles, you should be well on your way to writing a scholarship essay that is successful.First of all, let's take a look at some good scholarship essay samples. So many different essay samples are available that it's hard to choose just one. They will all include basic information about the topic, however, so that you can get an idea of what kind of essay you should be writing.The writing sample in question that we're looking at right now is the Universal College Scholarship Writing Sample. This is an online application essay service which gives you all of the information you need to put together a winning scholarship essay on your own. These samples come with extensive information about the topic. The essay will be based on your research and it will then be compiled and formatted in such a way that it gets picked up by the various scholarship programs.This sample contains questions and answers, which will be used to help the students develop their own scholarships. The curriculum is split into four general areas: personal development, career education, community involvement, and academic performance. All of the information that is provided is up to date and full of helpful information that you can use to put together a very nice scholarship essay on your own.In order to put together a good essay, you will need to write the essay as you would if you were writing one for college. There are many different ways to do this and there are two places you can find ideas on how to approach this from. The first is by simply talking to a professional and getting the advice you need to p ut together a winning essay.The second place to get some professional assistance is to talk to a mentor or teacher that you know who has a scholarship. The advisor will be able to tell you exactly what is expected of you and how much writing and editing you will need to do. If you have enough free time, it's a great way to get an idea of the amount of work that needs to be done before you submit your work.Just because these scholarship essay samples contain excellent advice, doesn't mean that these pieces will help you do all of the work on your own. There is still a certain amount of work to be done once you submit your work. Therefore, it's important that you understand how to structure a good essay and know how to use the best tools and resources to get it done.Use these scholarship essay samples to make sure that you can put together a winning essay on your own. You may end up learning something about the topic and about how to write a good essay on your own!

Community Planning and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Network Planning and Evaluation - Essay Example General wellbeing emergency clinic in Canada has also uncovered the consistently expanding cases if sedate related complexities. Hence, people group wellbeing programs require a comprehensive arranging, observing, and assessment instruments. The requirement for a selective arranging in network wellbeing programs is particularly raised by the, expanded requirement for proof based projects just as requests for quality wellbeing standard practices. Medical attendants as a team with network individuals, technocrats from different teaches, and key partners in wellbeing areas assumes an extraordinarily amazing job in lessening death rate achieved by preventable illnesses (Louise and Blue, 2008). The Canadian Community Health-Nursing Standard of Practice has additionally built up a framework that clarifies how attendants should design network programs, upgrade the effectively accessible projects, screen the execution of the arranged projects, and look at the effects of the arranged program. The issue of illegal medication maltreatment in Canada has become a typical marvel over all ages in the general public. The Canadian government has thus established different measures to address the threat. Be that as it may, the administration plans are yet to yield the necessary advantages. Because of expanded degree of native medication clients among moderately aged individuals in Canada, the network wellbeing programs expects to address the issues of prostitution, high HIV/AIDS predominance, and substance maltreatment among young ladies (Black et. al., 2010). Moreover, such wellbeing programs target featuring theft, damage, and wellbeing related impacts, just as, other unfortunate outcomes looked by the influenced people. The branch of wellbeing in Canada has watched a high dangers related with illegal medication use among the native vagrants. Expanded number of prostitute’s apparently missing; expanded police cases and grievances on native ladies are a portion of the po inters of abuse of illegal medications among native ladies (Louise and Blue, 2008). Additionally, a few native ladies have been seen to be in a condition of sick wellbeing with a large portion of them being tainted with HIV. The reason for this investigation is to give understudies the capacity to build up a program for wellbeing advancement. The program is likewise centered around the best methods for managing unlawful medication use among native vagrants matured 14-30 living in Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, Canada. The particular targets of the program arranging, execution, and assessment incorporate guaranteeing expanded inoculation against infectious ailments among school going young ladies, mindfulness creation on unlawful medication use and teaching the young ladies on the dangers related with substance maltreatment for example withdrawal of the HIV infection. The examination likewise expects to advance general wellbeing norms by including the vagrants in network exercises. The wellbeing advancement program is additionally planned for guaranteeing diminished paces of prostitution by enabling the general public on the dangers related with it (Hitchcock, Schubert and Thomas, 2003). The investigation additionally plans to assess on the quantity of school going young ladies who enjoy prostitution and illegal medication use among the native ladies. The program arranging, execution and assessment will give the course of events, results, assets and limitations, just as, in what manner will be actualized and assessed (Louise and Blue,

Etiquette A Social Ideology - Literature Essay Samples

Daisy Miller is a potent social commentary that considers the ideologies of transplanted Americans residing in Europe. During the late nineteenth century, the United States surfaced as a political and economic power. Wealthy Americans, anxious to create their own elite society, embraced the well-established customs of the European aristocracy. In fact, several of the most affluent families relocated to Europe to refine their mimicry and distinguish themselves from their contemporaries. Daisy Miller examines how the European ideology of etiquette is adopted by high-society Americans and subsequently transformed into a rigid reality that persecutes Jamess ill-mannered title character until her demise.Literary theorist Louis Althusser suggests, Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence (294). Thus, etiquette as an ideology is not, intrinsically, a system that physically rules the actions and thoughts (essentially, the existe nce) of its adherents. However, an ideology is capable of transcending its traditional confines when an individual opts to assign it any measure of material existence (Althusser 296). Such is the case in Daisy Miller. Winterbourne, Mrs. Costello, Mrs. Walker, and Mrs. Miller all regard etiquette as more than an idle ideology. They allow their adopted system of European etiquette to dictate their actions and structure their lives. Indeed, each has endowed etiquette with a material existence.In contrast, Daisy Miller affords no credence to the borrowed European ideology. Instead, Daisy argues that European etiquette is stiff and unreasonable. Throughout the novella, Daisy is relentless in her effort to maintain her independence from such social conventions. According to Lisa Johnson, She [Daisy] breaks rather than bending to social demands (Johnson 42). Rather than conform, Daisy delights in underscoring the absurdity of etiquette. She contends that the system of manners is mere bigotry (Johnson 48). Her decisive rejection of traditional European etiquette results in her ultimate isolation from society.Readers are first introduced to Daisys disregard for traditional decorum by her earliest exchange with Winterbourne. While observing the elegant Miss Miller from afar, Winterbourne recalls that a gentleman seldom has the social liberty to approach an unmarried woman. Nevertheless, intrigued by Daisys beauty, he decides to risk rejection by speaking to her. Prepared to encounter a shy, timid young girl, Winterbourne is surprised by Daisys confidence. It is revealed, It became obvious that she was much disposed towards conversation (6). Both delighted and shocked, Winterbourne contemplates the possibility of the loquacious Daisy being a coquette. This rather presumptuous insult is a consequence of Daisys slight to traditional social etiquette. In late nineteenth century European society, the idea of an unchaperoned young lady chatting with a gentle man (for all to see) was completely unacceptable. Despite benefiting from Daisys faux pas, Winterbourne categorizes Daisy as a flirt.To be labeled a coquette/flirt in European society is to be branded a whore in American society. While flirting is a perfectly acceptable form of playful (sexual) banter in American society, it is considered a vulgar gaffe in European society (Fogel 60). Winterbourne informs Daisy of this fact at Mrs. Walkers soiree, Flirting is a purely American custom; it doesnt exist here (45). However, even by American standards, readers are inclined to join Winterbourne in questioning the innocence of Daisy Miller. Brazenly rendezvousing with recent male acquaintances and requesting to be rowed to the remote Chateau de Chillon approximately two hours before midnight are at the very least questionable behaviors. It is interesting to note that these concerns of innocence reveal the double standards entrenched in Western thought. Why are American readers not c oncerned with Winterbournes unquestionable promiscuity? Perhaps American readers too are so consumed by an outdated ideology that they agree with Mrs. Costello: Of course a man may know every one [sic]. Men are welcome to the privilege! (28).Undoubtedly, Mrs. Costello has granted social etiquette (as an ideology) an extremely rigid and persecutive material existence. She insists to Winterbourne that the Millers are dreadfully common, and it is her social duty to reject them. In response to a plea from Winterbourne to accept Daisy, Mrs. Costello asserts, I cant, my dear Frederick. I would if I could, but I cant (13). Mrs. Costello has allowed an ideology to become her restrictive reality. Unfortunately, the adoption of this ideology has far graver consequences for the dreadful Daisy Miller.Daisys intimate relationship with Eugenio, the Millers courier, is yet another unforgivable faux pas identified by Mrs. Costello. Disgusted, the gossipy matron alleges, They treat the couri er like a familiar friend, like a gentleman. I shouldnt wonder if he dines with them (14). Obviously ignorant of European society and etiquette, the Millers rely heavily upon Eugenio for guidance and advice. For instance, Eugenio advises Daisy that it would not be proper to accompany Winterbourne on a rowboat ride an hour prior to midnight. Nevertheless, it is far more improper by European standards for the Millers to regard their servant as a gentleman deserving the slightest iota of deference. Furthermore, Mrs. Costello reports that Eugenio smokes in the evening while lounging in the garden with the Millers. For a servant to smoke sprawled in front of his employers is a deplorable offense to European etiquette. Winterbourne concludes that Daisy is uncultivated and rather wild (14). Once again, James emphasizes that both Mrs. Costello and Winterbourne afford the European ideology of etiquette a material (real) existence.Daisys refusal to acquiesce to Mrs. Walkers entreatie s to board her carriage, abandoning the garish Giovanelli, is the most significant and dramatic blunder of etiquette in the novel. By parading down the street with a spurious gentleman, Daisy risks ruining her already tarnished reputation. Elated to have such a gentleman by her side, Daisy foolishly ignores Mrs. Walkers admonitions. The concerned Mrs. Walker cautions, You are old enough to be more reasonable. You are old enough, dear Miss Miller, to be talked about (39). It is quite unacceptable for an unmarried young lady to be seen in the company of a lower-class Italian walking to the Pincio (Fogel 62). Therefore, Mrs. Walker passionately endeavors to dissuade Daisy from continuing her boorish jaunt. Finally, in an emotional retort to Mrs. Walkers scolding, Daisy replies, I never heard anything so stiff! If this is improper, Mrs. Walker then I am all improper, and you must give me up (40). In this dramatized scene that leaves tears in the eyes of the frustrated Mrs. Walk er, Daisy candidly communicates her tragic flaw. Because Daisy refuses to adhere to Europes system of etiquette, she is spurned by the ideologys adherents and forsaken by society.Notwithstanding Mrs. Walkers seemingly genuine concern for Daisys reputation, the astute reader should realize that the passionate matrons pleas are fueled by more selfish motives. As an affluent American enjoying the benefits of a European society tailored to her wants and needs, Mrs. Walker will make every effort to preserve the ideology that empowers her. Etiquette as an ideology structures her reality; thus, Mrs. Walker recognizes Daisy Millers rejection of etiquette as an affront to her reality. In an attempt to assuage the poignancy of Daisys affront, Mrs. Walker struggles to obtain an apology from the vivacious non-conformist. Had Daisy consented to desert her companion and enter Mrs. Walkers carriage, she would have (figuratively) apologized, and by doing so, lost the battle for autonomy to Mrs . Walkers oppressive ideology.Indeed, it is debatable whether any character in the novella is sincerely concerned with Daisy Miller, the individual. Instead, Daisy Miller represents a prize for each of her pursuers. For Winterbourne, Daisy epitomizes the ultimate sexual conquest. After all, according to Winterbourne, American girls are the best! (4). However, Winterbourne also yearns to tame the young American flirt by saddling her with traditional European ideologies of etiquette. Validation of this argument is found throughout the novel with each attempt to refine and educate Daisy about European customs. For the ostentatious Giovanelli, Daisy is a trophy. Well-aware of his (low) status in society, Giovanelli exploits Daisy as an embellishment to his already grandiose style. Nevertheless, their relationship is mutualistic. By gallivanting around Rome with Giovanelli, Daisy clearly articulates her desire to remain unburdened by any confining social ideologies. Upon realizin g this verity, Daisy Miller emerges as Jamess most self-actualized/developed character.Enchanted by the allure of the ancient Roman arena, Winterbourne discovers the amorous Daisy and Giovanelli in the Coliseum (Fogel 47). Mortified and embittered, he resolves that Daisy Miller is no longer a woman to be respected (54). At this pivotal moment, Winterbourne succumbs to the pressures of his private society (Mrs. Costello and Mrs. Walker) and allows the ideology of social etiquette to materialize into a rigid, elitist reality. His attitude towards Daisy mutates to one of indifference almost immediately. At this point, all of society (except Giovanelli) has rejected Daisy. Amidst derisive laughter, Winterbourne half-heartedly suggests that Daisy relocate to a less fatal locale to avoid contracting Roman fever. Despondent and regretful in her last moments with Winterbourne, Daisy seems to silently acknowledge her social death while audibly foreshadowing her physical death.Winterbou rne later discovers that the flirtatious Daisy regarded him fondly and had no intention of marrying Giovanelli. Perhaps James crafted such a tragic ending to discourage society from forcing its members to conform to any particular ideology. While most people are willing to adjust and adhere to the social etiquette of society, there will undoubtedly be a few individuals that opt to maintain their own customs. Should these people be punished for their beliefs? What qualifications must a society possess to judge these individuals? Daisy Miller, a true individual, was judged and persecuted by the upper-crust of American society in Europe; this persecution led to her demise. Daisy Miller by Henry James continues to charm and engage modern audiences because its story and characters are timeless. More than a century separates modern society from the society examined in the novella, yet readers readily relate to the situations and sentiments of Jamess characters. Daisy Miller is a s ociological study. Our interest in Daisy and Winterbourne is an interest in ourselves.Works CitedAlthusser, Louis. Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses. Literary Theory and Anthology. Ed. J. Rivkin. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998.Fogel, Daniel. Daisy Miller: A Dark Comedy of Manners. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990.James, Henry. Daisy Miller. New York: Dover Publications, 1995.Johnson, Lisa. Daisy Miller: Cowboy Feminist. The Henry James Review 222E1 (2001): 41-58. On-line. Internet. 30 April 2004. Available WWW: http://muse.jhu.edu.spot.lib.auburn.edu/journals /henry_james_review/v022/22.1johnson.html.Parenthetical citations for Daisy Miller include page numbers only.

Analysis Of The Poem Why Leaves Turn Color On The Fall ...

Snow Storms Diane Ackerman wrote an essay called â€Å"Why Leaves Turn Color in the Fall†, in which in great detail she explains why leaves change color in the fall. She uses subjective description with science terms to provide the reader with the feeling that science, or nature is amazing as it does all of this wonderful things to leaves. â€Å"Early frost sits heavily on the grass, and turns barbed wire into a string of stars† (86) Ackerman combines two ordinary things like frost and barbed wire, and uses an analogy to compare them to something as beautiful as a string of stars. â€Å"Water-loving maples put on a symphonic display of scarlets† (87) Diane is using personification, by giving the maples human like abilities such as putting up a display, or loving water. In this sentence she also uses subjective description when she uses the word symphonic to refer to the way the maples show their colors, there is nothing musical, but it is calming. In her essay Diane Ackerman successfully combined science explanations with subjective descriptions to allow the reader to understand why and how the leaves change colors during the fall. All the processes that they have to go through in order to achieve their colors. Something just as amazing takes place during the winter. When everything turns white. The first snowfall always happens around Christmas. When almost everything turns white and looks pure. Christmas lights reflect on the perfect snow, almost as beautiful as stars look. Snow canShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCharacteristics Model 263 Ethical Dilemma Spitting Mad 264 Case Incident 1 Multitasking: A Good Use of Your Time? 264 Case Incident 2 Bonuses Can Backfire 265 3 9 The Group Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Defining and Classifying Groups 272 Why Do People Form Groups? 272 Stages of Group Development 274 The Five-Stage Model 275 †¢ An Alternative Model for Temporary Groups with Deadlines 276 Group Properties: Roles, Norms, Status, Size, Cohesiveness, and Diversity 277 Group Property 1: Roles

Neutrality in Accounting Theory - Free Sample at MyAssignmentHelp

Questions: 1. Read the following quotation from Miller and Reading (1986, p. 64). If constituency support is necessary before particular accounting approaches become embodied in accounting standards, does this have implications for the neutrality and representational faithfulness (qualitative characteristics that exist in various conceptual framework projects around the world) of reports generated in accordance with accounting standards? The mere discovery of a problem is not sufficient to assure that the Financial Accounting Standards Board will undertake its solution There must be a suitably high likelihood that the Board can resolve the issues in a manner that will be acceptable to the constituencywithout some prior sense of the likelihood that the Board members will be able to reach a consensus, it is generally not advisable to undertake a formal project. 2. As Watts and Zimmerman (1986, p. 7) state, Positive Accounting Theory is concerned with explaining [accounting] practice. It is designed to explain and predict which firms will and which firms will not use a particular accounting method but it says nothing as to which method a firm should use. Do you think that this represents an abrogation of the academics duty to serve the community that supports them? Answers: (1). Principle of Neutrality This principle states that the accounting information should be developed free of influences on the results of operations of the company. A problem usually found in accounting, which can lead to financial problems, is the wrong accounting. Some features are based on the full disclosures in accounting procedures and the international financial reporting standards (Andreaus, Costa and Parker, n.d.). A reporting entity in question shall not describe its statements of financials not until it fully complies with the Australian Accounting Standards. It is important to not that accounting errors and disclosures may lead fraud, financial misappropriation and challenges in cash flows. Accounting is a challenging phenomenon and regulators of accounts should take drastic actions and measures to ensure accurate reporting of financial systems (Christian and Ludenbach, 2013). IFRS and AASB as regulatory bodies should ensure that goals are put in place for maximum disclosure of accounting situation for other users of accounts like external auditors and investors willing to follow the advice of the financial statements. When an individual does not maintain an updated financial information company makes accounting errors or failures in the reporting of the relevant information required, a company may have a significant financial loss and barely notice. Practices such as these can also lead to tax audits and fines for misreporting of funds. This problem is called incorrect accountingIn Some cases when representing communication it means that the Act gives the auditor so you can do your job, such as those by which requests data (see clause 6 of Article 207 of the Commercial Code) or convenes social bodies (for example, those provided in paragraph 8 of Article 207 or Article 437 of the same code) On the other hand, Miller and reading should have emphasized on other communications are the ways through which the auditor and accountants has revealed the results of their work. These can facilitate Whistleblowing , Reports to government authorities , instructions: the accounting, records, correspondence, account vouchers , the Control, The opinions or reports on,the financial statements compliance with the regulations , the way they carry and retain accounting, accounting vouchers, correspondence, minutes books and share registration d) internal control and The certificates issued on the basis ledgers (Epstein, Jermakowicz and Epstein, 2008). It is important to clarify the difference between certification and the views or opinions, because the current tax legislation appears not distinguish between them. The certifications are possible, especially when referring to verifiable facts in full, for which it is not essential to have a professional fair trial or discretionary framed within the limits of the merely reasonable. The opinion or opinion is the result of professional judgment on information prepared by third parties based on the application of its own criteria and examined by the public accountant using test procedures in the extent and timing it considers appropriate. According to miller and reading it opinion means the expression of a professional judgment, ie a judgment or concept, whether a representation or statement meets the parameters that must be submitted (Lerner et al., 2001). There may be several reasons for which an opinion is expressed rather than a certification, including: First, the depth of the work performed, as it can or not based on it certainty is acquired, Second, the nature of things, since some do not support certainty, Third, the qualitative character of what is judged and affirms (Lerner et al., 2001). The rights to inform and to opine are recognized in several international agreements and legislation of almost all countries as well as IFRS the international financial reporting standards. Consecrated these two categories is necessary to be able to differentiate between them (McPhail, n.d.). It is important to make clear on two additional aspects of the right to correct and factual information. It is the right of the community to receive truthful and impartial representation of the companies especially the listed companies. According to miller and reading this is appropriate (McPhail, n.d.). The accuracy of the information is limited to facts or financial statements of fact that can be verified and correctly represented. Instead, impartiality involves the interpretive dimension of events, which includes evaluative elements and is halfway between fact and opinion. Indeed, the choice of a factual situation and the name that is given already implies a valuation of it. This requirement does not mean, as one might think at first, the cancellation of the right of the stakeholders to express their views on the facts reported. Partial information, which does not differentiate between fact and opinion in the presentation of the financial statement , underestimates the recipient public, does not provide the ability for readers or listeners to choose and prosecute freely, and acquires the markings of an authoritarian attitude, all of which it is contrary to the social role that media to the free formation of public opinion (Mintz, 2014). However, the information must distinguish two aspects: what is reported and how it is done to ensure that there is neutrality and representation faithfulness. An opinion on financial statements is a document by which a public accountant expresses a conclusion about how the states in question, according to an accounting basis, the financial position of the company, the result of its operations, changes in its equity and its cash flows. Miller and Reading argument constituency support is necessary for neutrality and representational faithfulness in accordance to financial accounting standards. (2). Positive accounting theory The following article will present the two side of merely positivistic accounting and its influence has puts into bad light the development of accounting practice itself, in its attempt to eliminate valuable judgments. The accounting regulation and practice it in the positive approach is based on the accounting representation of reality facing compliance pragmatic purposes defined in specific environments where accounting systems are developed. International models of accounting systems adopted have generated negative effects on accounting environment(Unerman, Bebbington and O'Dwyer, 2007). Taking this into consideration an accounting system adopted must take into account that all countries are not equal and therefore have an environment, objects, features and different needs The positivist approach to accounting was the stone in the shoe for some researchers of accounting science; this is because of their social nature(Mintz, 2014). They say it is more linked to normativity approach and this can be demonstrated through this article. it seeks to highlight the importance of the combination of these two approaches in the accounting field, making clear that it is not intended to link with each other. Positivism in accounting is the observation of facts economically and objectively where accounting as is displayed; not supported as valid other knowledge, but those who gain from the experience, thus rejecting the idealist conception absolutely. The fact is the only scientific reality. Positivism can be used to present the true position of a firm. Accountants renounce what is futile but seek to know the facts and laws of phenomena but not the causes or is subordinated by judgment and observation That's is the reason to achieve these laws and possess with a finite precision and certainty which allow, explain and predict the demonstrations taking in the accounting discipline. The positive general theory, has immersed elements (number, value, currency, time interval, economic objects, economic subjects, set, relations) which are common in all accounting systems, these are developed to solve environmental problems such as economic accounting. In an accounting system general theory and the environment should be consistent, to meet the needs of users of information and thus make the system successful(Zingel, 2006). The following assessment reveals one of the great positivistic attitudes of accounting; this science comes to settle any value judgment in making accounting general theory, only refers to facts and investigations that may confront reality, it does not allow the interference of policy research. Accounting regulation-Accounting regulation is a process that is based on real events for implementing standards, positive and regulations. These standards, codes, decrees and laws are created in a very limited way, impossible better application of information according to the economic reality; that is to say; They are made mainly for bookkeeping and records of transactions of entities, sometimes ignoring important events that finally are reflected in the financial statements; and the accounting rule must be accepted adequately or more than adequate. The foregoing has focused on a positive theory. The emission standards must comply with the accounting uniformity which can be used the inductive method, which applied the positivist field establishes four stages: a) observation and recording of events: b) analysis and classification of them: c ) generalized conclusions through inductive derivation, d) testing of the conclusions;. It is not quick to admit that accounting regulation should be complemented mostly based on research theories, since from the theoretical principles has been a key foundation to support positivism too. The realization of principles does not occupy an important place, when developed without taking into account the reality of the environment. Accountants must not close our eyes to the investigation, since it more than simply the observation of facts that can be tested, opens the possibility of finding new paradigms that can change the future of accounting science. Today it is important to highlight the role of accounting, as this is a clear example of normativism, which allows you to record the social impact, through the issuance of judgments, which allow you to determine what could be or not; while positivism, traditional accounting is limited to a predetermined mechanical process, which leads to capture on paper cold figures, which in most cases are interpreted by different professional accountants. The fundamental trend of accounting is empirical research, which has been considered as a new positive approach, always supporting accounting regulation in their empirical implications (Zingel, 2006). The legislative nature of the regulation and development of hypotheses are specific objectives are basic points which when explicitly treated, accounting theory plays a basic and important role. Conclusion The positivist approach has to do with what is, was or will be, while the normative to admit what or should not be, good or bad, according to social, economic environment in which develop the accounting system(Zingel, 2006). Current students should be aware of the training they have received, and come to take steps to change that positivist thought which until now have had; should not be denied the ability to make value judgments, we must be more daring to express these views, and more when the professional field is, you can not continue to let other professionals continue to take the decisions which are the responsibility of accounting also because whoever plays better records, statements or balance sheets is the person who performs them, because it has the knowledge, and who has knowledge has power. References Andreaus, M., Costa, E. and Parker, L. (n.d.).Accountability and social accounting for social and non-profit organizations. Christian, D. and Ludenbach, N. (2013).IFRS essentials. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. D'Amico, V., D'Amico, T., Bukta, M. and Palmer, T. (2002).Principles of accounting. Toronto: Prentice Hall. Epstein, B., Jermakowicz, E. and Epstein, B. (2008).Wiley IFRS policies and procedures. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Hartman, L. (2002).Perspectives in business ethics. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Lehman, C. (2002).Mirrors and prisms. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Lehman, C. (2007).Envisioning a new accountability. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Lerner, J., Cashin, J., Fulks, D. and Lerner, J. (2001).Principles of accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill. McPhail, K. (n.d.).Accounting ethics. Mintz, S. (2014).Accounting for the Public Interest. Dordrecht: Springer. Osborne, S. and Ball, A. (2010).Social Accounting and Public Management. Hoboken: Taylor Francis. Ramirez, J. (2007).Accounting for derivatives. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Unerman, J., Bebbington, J. and O'Dwyer, B. (2007).Sustainability accounting and accountability. London: Routledge. Woltje, J. (2008).IFRS. Munchen: Haufe Verlag. Zingel, H. (2006).IFRS. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl.

Descriptive Essay Topics

Descriptive Essay TopicsEssay descriptive topics are also called subject categories. These subject categories are the things that students should have in mind when they are writing their papers. In order to make the topic specific, there are several things that they should consider.First of all, they need to know what they want to write their paper about. It can be anything; it can be a subject, a hobby, an interest, an activity, or a class, and so on. They need to consider what kind of topics they will write about and make sure that they have the ideas in their heads before they start writing. Topics which may be considered should be developed based on the student's interests. For example, if a student writes about their hobbies as they develop their degree, the assignments will be more interesting to the students.If they decide to research the various essay topics, they should find out the research topics. This means that they should research on the different things which are alrea dy mentioned in the description topics. Thus, the students will also be able to get ideas from the research topic without writing an essay.The topic should also be related to the description topics. Essay descriptions should be free from grammatical errors and from poor grammar. This is so that the students will be able to achieve good grades. Besides, the descriptions should not contradict what the students have in their heads.The topic must be developed by the students themselves. They must create the topic by thinking about their own ideas that they have. Sometimes, it is hard for them to think of a topic because they are too busy. However, if they just let their ideas come and then just write it down, it would be much easier for them to develop the topic.The students also need to consider the sources of information about the topic. Students need to take into consideration the topics which are already discussed in other sources such as textbooks and course manuals. The writers al so need to consider the materials that are not usually discussed in the descriptions. These are the things that students should avoid in their essays.The writing style of the students should also be determined based on the descriptive topics. Some descriptions are written in a formal way, while others are written in a less formal way. It depends on the topic which the writers plan to write.The last but not the least thing that a student should consider when writing a paper is how they can express their feelings about the topics using the descriptive topics. There are some students who prefer not to use the topics. However, these students must be willing to do so if they want to be successful. It is important for the students to express their feelings about the topics since they will be used in the final draft of the paper.